Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria

H. M. Grema; H. Hamidu; A. Suleiman; A. I. Kankara; A. O. Umaru and N. F. Abdulmalik

doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

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Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci.. 2022; 30(1): 5-23

doi: 10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria

H. M. Grema, H. Hamidu, A. Suleiman, A. I. Kankara, A. O. Umaru and N. F. Abdulmalik.

Abstract
Representative groundwater samples were collected from the Kaffe community and environs to evaluate the concentrations and geochemical constraints for mobilizing cadmium (Cd) and selected heavy metals. Field-based in-situ measurements of physicochemical parameters were combined with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer analysis of dissolved elemental concentrations. Pollution indices (i.e. heavy metal pollution index; HPI, heavy metal evaluation index; HEI, contamination degree; Cd, metal index; MI, synthetic pollution index; SPI, ecological risk index; ERI and Nemerow index; NI) evaluations highlighted the levels of heavy metals in the groundwater. Cadmium and iron (Fe) concentrations exceeded the recommended limits in 97% of the analysed samples, with an average pH of 6.3. Strong positive correlations were observed between cadmium and the computed pollution indices (p 0.774 to p 0.100), suggesting significant Cd pollution of the groundwater. Components analysis grouped Cd, Fe, and the pollution indices in the first PC. This was favourably compared to the correlation analysis result. Cluster analysis categorized Cd, Zn and pH in the first cluster consistent with the suggested dissolution and enrichment of Cd and Zn in the groundwater under similar geochemical conditions. The study area is medium and moderately polluted based on HPI, HEI, Cd, and NI.

Key words: Cadmium toxicity; Pollution indices, multivariate statistics; groundwater contamination; Cadmium mobility

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Pubmed Style

Grema HM, Hamidu H, Suleiman A, Kankara AI, . Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci.. 2022; 30(1): 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

Web Style

Grema HM, Hamidu H, Suleiman A, Kankara AI, . Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. https://www.njbas-udus.com/?mno=48909 [Access: September 15, 2023]. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Grema HM, Hamidu H, Suleiman A, Kankara AI, . Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci.. 2022; 30(1): 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Grema HM, Hamidu H, Suleiman A, Kankara AI, . Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci.. (2022), [cited September 15, 2023]; 30(1): 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

Harvard Style

Grema, H. M., Hamidu, . H., Suleiman, . A., Kankara, . A. I. & (2022) Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 30 (1), 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

Turabian Style

Grema, H. M., H. Hamidu, A. Suleiman, A. I. Kankara, and A. O. Umaru and N. F. Abdulmalik. 2022. Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 30 (1), 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

Chicago Style

Grema, H. M., H. Hamidu, A. Suleiman, A. I. Kankara, and A. O. Umaru and N. F. Abdulmalik. "Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 30 (2022), 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Grema, H. M., Hamidu, . H., Suleiman, . A., Kankara, . A. I. & (2022) Cadmium Geochemistry and Groundwater pollution Status Evaluation using Indexing and Spatial Analysis for Keffe Community and Environs Sokoto Basin, North Western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 30 (1), 5-23. doi:10.4314/njbas.v30i1.2

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